Chapter 7. Standalone Servers
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## Chapter 7. Standalone Servers

### John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

`<jht@samba.org>`

Standalone servers are independent of domain controllers on the network. They are not domain members and function more like workgroup servers. In many cases a standalone server is configured with a minimum of security control with the intent that all data served will be readily accessible to all users.

## Features and Benefits

Standalone servers can be as secure or as insecure as needs dictate. They can have simple or complex configurations. Above all, despite the hoopla about domain security, they remain a common installation.

If all that is needed is a server for read-only files, or for printers alone, it may not make sense to effect a complex installation. For example, a drafting office needs to store old drawings and reference standards. Noone can write files to the server because it is legislatively important that all documents remain unaltered. A share-mode read-only standalone server is an ideal solution.

Another situation that warrants simplicity is an office that has many printers that are queued off a single central server. Everyone needs to be able to print to the printers, there is no need to effect any access controls, and no files will be served from the print server. Again, a share-mode standalone server makes a great solution.

## Background

The term standalone server means that it will provide local authentication and access control for all resources that are available from it. In general this means that there will be a local user database. In more technical terms, it means resources on the machine will be made available in either share mode or in user mode.

No special action is needed other than to create user accounts. Standalone servers do not provide network logon services. This means that machines that use this server do not perform a domain logon to it. Whatever logon facility the workstations are subject to is independent of this machine. It is, however, necessary to accommodate any network user so the logon name he or she uses will be translated (mapped) locally on the standalone server to a locally known user name. There are several ways this can be done.

Samba tends to blur the distinction a little in defining a standalone server. This is because the authentication database may be local or on a remote server, even if from the SMB protocol perspective the Samba server is not a member of a domain security context.

Through the use of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) (see the chapter on PAM) and the name service switcher (NSS), which maintains the UNIX-user database, the source of authentication may reside on another server. We would be inclined to call this the authentication server. This means that the Samba server may use the local UNIX/Linux system password database (`/etc/passwd` or `/etc/shadow`), may use a local smbpasswd file, or may use an LDAP backend, or even via PAM and Winbind another CIFS/SMB server for authentication.

## Example Configuration

The example Reference Documentation Server and Central Print Serving are designed to inspire simplicity. It is too easy to attempt a high level of creativity and to introduce too much complexity in server and network design.

### Reference Documentation Server

Configuration of a read-only data server that everyone can access is very simple. By default, all shares are read-only, unless set otherwise in the `smb.conf` file. The example - Reference Documentation Server is the `smb.conf` file that will do this. Assume that all the reference documents are stored in the directory `/export`, and the documents are owned by a user other than nobody. No home directories are shared, and there are no users in the `/etc/passwd` UNIX system database. This is a simple system to administer.

Example 7.1. smb.conf for Reference Documentation Server

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = MIDEARTH`
`netbios name = GANDALF`
`security = SHARE`
`passdb backend = guest`
`wins server = 192.168.1.1`
`[data]`
`comment = Data`
`path = /export`
`guest only = Yes`

| I would have spoken more briefly, if I'd had more time to prepare. |
| --Mark Twain

In this example, the machine name is set to GANDALF, and the workgroup is set to the name of the local workgroup (MIDEARTH) so the machine will appear together with systems with which users are familiar. The only password backend required is the “guest” backend to allow default unprivileged account names to be used. As there is a WINS server on this network, we of course make use of it.

A US Air Force Colonel was renowned for saying: “Better is the enemy of good enough!” There are often sound reasons for avoiding complexity as well as for avoiding a technically perfect solution. Unfortunately, many network administrators still need to learn the art of doing just enough to keep out of trouble.

### Central Print Serving

Configuration of a simple print server is easy if you have all the right tools on your system.

Assumptions

1. The print server must require no administration.

2. The print spooling and processing system on our print server will be CUPS. (Please refer to CUPS Printing Support, for more information).

3. The print server will service only network printers. The network administrator will correctly configure the CUPS environment to support the printers.

4. All workstations will use only PostScript drivers. The printer driver of choice is the one shipped with the Windows OS for the Apple Color LaserWriter.

In this example our print server will spool all incoming print jobs to `/var/spool/samba` until the job is ready to be submitted by Samba to the CUPS print processor. Since all incoming connections will be as the anonymous (guest) user, two things will be required to enable anonymous printing.

Enabling Anonymous Printing

- The UNIX/Linux system must have a guest account. The default for this is usually the account nobody. To find the correct name to use for your version of Samba, do the following:

      $ testparm -s -v | grep "guest account"

  Make sure that this account exists in your system password database (`/etc/passwd`).

  It is a good idea either to set a password on this account, or else to lock it from UNIX use. Assuming that the guest account is called `pcguest`, it can be locked by executing:

      root#  passwd -l pcguest

  The exact command may vary depending on your UNIX/Linux distribution.

- The directory into which Samba will spool the file must have write access for the guest account. The following commands will ensure that this directory is available for use:

      root# mkdir /var/spool/samba
      root# chown nobody.nobody /var/spool/samba
      root# chmod a+rwt /var/spool/samba

The contents of the `smb.conf` file is shown in the Anonymous Printing example.

Example 7.2. `smb.conf` for Anonymous Printing

# Global parameters
`[global]`
`workgroup = MIDEARTH`
`netbios name = GANDALF`
`security = SHARE`
`passdb backend = guest`
`printing = cups`
`printcap name = cups`
`[printers]`
`comment = All Printers`
`path = /var/spool/samba`
`printer admin = root`
`guest ok = Yes`
`printable = Yes`
`use client driver = Yes`
`browseable = No`

### Note

On CUPS-enabled systems there is a facility to pass raw data directly to the printer without intermediate processing via CUPS print filters. Where use of this mode of operation is desired, it is necessary to configure a raw printing device. It is also necessary to enable the raw mime handler in the `/etc/mime.conv` and `/etc/mime.types` files. Refer to CUPS Printing Support, Explicitly Enable raw Printing for application/octet-stream.

The example in the Anonymous Printing example uses CUPS for direct printing via the CUPS libarary API. This means that all printers will be exposed to Windows users without need to configure a printers database. If there is necessity to expose only a sub-set of printers, or to define a special type of printer (for example, a PDF filter) the `printcap name = cups` can be replaced with the entry `printcap name = /etc/samba/myprintcap`. In this case the file specified should contain a list of the printer names that should be exposed to Windows network users.

## Common Errors

The greatest mistake so often made is to make a network configuration too complex. It pays to use the simplest solution that will meet the needs of the moment.

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